If present, early symptoms of hypertension may include headache, dizziness, tinnitus, and chest discomfort. Clinically, hypertension is usually asymptomatic until organ damage occurs, with the brain, heart, kidneys, and/or eyes (e.g., retinopathy, myocardial infarction, stroke) most commonly affected. Typical underlying conditions include renal, endocrine, and vascular diseases (e.g., renal failure, primary hyperaldosteronism, coarctation of the aorta). Primary hypertension accounts for ∼ 90% of cases of hypertension and has no detectable cause, whereas secondary hypertension is caused by a specific underlying condition. Hypertension can be classified as either primary (essential) or secondary.
The 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines define hypertension in adults as a blood pressure of ≥ 130/80 mm Hg and the Eighth Joint National Committee ( JNC 8) criteria specify ≥ 140/90 mm Hg.
Hypertension is a common condition that affects one in every three adults in the United States and is becoming increasingly prevalent among children.
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